Ciidda cidhifka dhagaxa ah ee bartamaha Antarctica waligeed kuma jiraan nooleyaal.
Markii ugu horeysay, saynisyahannadu waxay ogaadeen in aysan jirin wax nolol ah oo ku nool ciidda oogada dhulka. Carradu waxay ka timaaddaa laba dabaylo oo dabaylo wata, tiirar dhagax ah oo ku yaal gudaha Antarctica, oo 300 mayl u jirta Cirifka Koonfureed, halkaas oo kumannaan fuudh oo baraf ahi ay ka galaan buuraha.
"Dadku waxay had iyo jeer u malaynayeen in microbes-ku ay adag yihiin oo ay ku noolaan karaan meel kasta," ayuu yidhi Noah Firer, oo ku takhasusay ecology-ga microbial ee Jaamacadda Colorado Boulder oo kooxdu ay barato ciidda. Ka dib oo dhan, noole hal unug ah ayaa la helay oo ku nool hawo-mareenada hydrothermal oo leh heerkul ka sarreeya 200 darajo Fahrenheit, harooyinka ka hooseeya nus mayl baraf ah Antarctica, iyo xitaa 120,000 oo cagood oo ka sarreeya stratosphere Earth. Laakiin ka dib hal sano oo shaqo ah, Ferrer iyo ardaygiisii ​​doctoral-ka Nicholas Dragon wali kama helin wax calaamado ah nolosha ciidda Antarctic ee ay soo ururiyeen.
Firer iyo Dragone waxay barteen carrada laga soo bilaabo 11 kala duwan oo buuraley ah, oo ka dhigan xaalado kala duwan. Kuwa ka yimaada dhulka hoose iyo kuwa qabow ee ka yar buuraha waxaa ku jira bakteeriyada iyo fungi. Laakiin qaar ka mid ah buuraleyda labada ah ee ugu dheer, ugu qallalan uguna qaboobaha buuraha qaarkood ma jiraan wax calaamado nololeed ah.
"Ma odhan karno waa madhalays," Ferrer ayaa yidhi. Cilmi-badhayaasha microbiology-ga ayaa caadaystay inay malaayiin unug ka helaan shaaha ciidda. Sidaa darteed, tiro aad u yar (tusaale 100 unug oo shaqayn kara) ayaa laga yaabaa inay ka baxsadaan ogaanshaha. "Laakin inta aan ognahay, kuma jiraan wax microorganisms."
Haddii ciidda qaar ay run ahaantii ka maqan tahay nolosha ama hadhow la ogaado inay ku jiraan qaar ka mid ah unugyo badbaaday, natiijooyin cusub oo dhowaan lagu daabacay joornaalka JGR Biogeosciences ayaa caawin kara raadinta nolosha Mars. Ciidda Antarctic si joogto ah ayaa loo qaboojiyey, oo ay ka buuxaan cusbo sun ah, mana helin biyo badan oo dareere ah muddo laba milyan oo sano ah - oo la mid ah ciidda Martian.
Waxa la soo ururiyay intii lagu guda jiray socdaal ay maalgelisay Mu'asasada Sayniska Qaranka bishii Janaayo 2018 ilaa meelaha fog fog ee Buuraha Transantarctic. Waxay sii maraan gudaha qaaradda, iyagoo kala sooca dhulka sare ee dacalka ah ee bariga iyo barafka hooseeya ee galbeedka. Saynis yahanadu waxay dejiyeen xero ku taal Shackleton Glacier, oo ah 60-mile suunka gudbinta barafka kaas oo hoos u qulqulaya qulqulka buuraha. Waxay adeegsadeen helikobtero si ay ugu duulaan joog sare oo ay muunado kor iyo hoos uga soo ururiyaan barafka.
Buuraha diirran ee qoyan ee ku yaal cagtiisa barafka, oo in yar oo boqol cagood ka sarreeya heerka badda, waxay ogaadeen in ciidda ay ku nool yihiin xayawaan ka yar iniin sisinta: Gooryaan yaryar, tardigrades siddeed lugood leh, rotifers iyo dirxiyo yaryar. loo yaqaan springtails. Cayayaanka baalasha leh. Ciiddan qaawan ee bacaadka leh waxay ka kooban yihiin wax ka yar kun-meelood meel tirada bakteeriyada laga helo cawska si wanaagsan loo farsameeyay, oo ku filan inay cunto siiso geedaha yaryar ee ku hoos gabbanaya oogada.
Laakiin calaamadahan nolosha ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah u baaba'ay markii kooxdu ay booqatay buuro dhaadheer oo ka sii qoto dheer barafka. Xagga sare ee barafka, waxay booqdeen laba buurood -Mount Schroeder iyo Mount Roberts - kuwaas oo ka sarreeya 7,000 oo cagood.
Booqashooyinka buurta Schroeder waxay ahaayeen kuwo arxan darro ah, ayuu dib u xasuustaa Byron Adams, oo ah cilmi-nafsiga cilmiga bayoolajiga ee Jaamacadda Brigham Young ee Provo, Utah, oo hogaaminayay mashruuca. Heerkulka maalinta xagaaga wuxuu ku dhow yahay 0°F. Dabaysha oohinaysay ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah u daadisay barafkii iyo barafkii, waxayna ka tagtay buurihii oo qaawan, khatar joogta ahna ku ahayd qaadista iyo tuurista majarafadihii beerta ee ay u keeneen inay ciidda qodaan. Dhulka waxa qariyay dhagaxyo guduudan oo foolkaanooyin ah kuwaas oo dabaylo iyo roobab ay nabaadiyeen boqolaal milyan oo sano, taas oo ka dhigtay in ay godan oo nadiif ah.
Markii ay saynisyahannadu kor u qaadeen dhagaxa, waxay ogaadeen in salkeeda ay ku daboolan yihiin qolof ah milix cad - kiriimyada sunta ah ee perchlorate, chlorate, iyo nitrate. Perchlorates iyo chlorates, cusbada falcelinta falcelinta leh ee loo isticmaalo shidaalka gantaalada iyo warankiilada warshadaha, ayaa sidoo kale aad looga helaa dusha sare ee Mars. Iyadoo aanay jirin biyo ay iska maydhaan, milixdu waxay ku ururtaa buurahan qalalan ee Antarctica.
"Waxay la mid tahay tusaaleynta Mars," Adams ayaa yidhi. Markaad ku dhejiso majarafad, "waxaad ogtahay inaad tahay waxa ugu horreeya ee khalkhal geliya ciidda weligeed - laga yaabee malaayiin sano."
Cilmi-baadhayaashu waxay soo jeediyeen in xitaa meelaha sare ee sidaas u sarreeya iyo xaaladaha ugu adag, ay weli ka heli doonaan noolaha noolaha ee ciidda. Laakiin filashooyinkaas waxay bilaabeen inay sii yaraanayaan dabayaaqadii 2018, markii Dragon adeegsaday farsamo loo yaqaan falcelinta silsiladda polymerase (PCR) si uu u ogaado DNA-da microbial ee wasakhda ah. Dragon ayaa tijaabiyay 204 muunado oo laga qaaday buuraha korka iyo ka hooseeya barafka. Tusaalooyinka laga soo qaaday buuraha qabow ee hoose waxay keeneen xaddi badan oo DNA ah; laakiin inta badan muunadaha (20%) ee laga soo qaaday meelaha sare, oo ay ku jiraan inta badan Mount Schroeder iyo Roberts Massif, lama tijaabin wax natiijo ah, taas oo muujinaysa in ay ku jiraan microorganisms aad u yar ama laga yaabee innaba.
"Markii ugu horeysay ee uu bilaabay inuu i tuso xoogaa natiijooyin ah, waxaan u maleeyay, 'Waxbaa khaldan," Ferrell ayaa yiri. Wuxuu u maleeyay inay tahay inay wax ka khaldan yihiin muunada ama qalabka shaybaadhka.
Dragon ayaa markaa sameeyay tijaabooyin taxane ah oo dheeri ah si uu u raadiyo calaamadaha nolosha. Waxa uu ciidda ku daweeyay gulukoos si uu u eego in noolaha ciidda ku jira qaarkood ay u beddeleen kaarboon laba ogsaydh. Waxa uu isku dayay in uu ogaado kiimikaad lagu magacaabo ATP, taas oo ay u isticmaalaan dhammaan nolosha dunida si ay u kaydiyaan tamarta. Muddo dhowr bilood ah, wuxuu ku beeray qaybo ka mid ah ciidda isku dar ah oo nafaqo oo kala duwan, isaga oo isku dayaya inuu ku qanciyo microorganisms jira si ay u koraan gumeysi.
"Nick wuxuu ku tuuray saxanka jikada shaybaaradan," Ferrell ayaa yidhi. In kasta oo dhammaan tijaabooyinkaas, haddana wax uu ka helin carrada qaar. "Runtii waa yaab."
Jacqueline Gurdial, oo ah khabiir ku takhasusay cilmiga bayoolajiga deegaanka ee Jaamacadda Guelph ee Kanada, ayaa ugu yeera natiijooyinka “soo jiidashada,” gaar ahaan dadaallada Dragon ee lagu go'aaminayo waxyaabaha saameynaya suurtagalnimada in la helo microorganisms meel la siiyay. Waxa uu ogaaday in joogga sare iyo isku-ururinta chlorate-ku ay yihiin kuwa ugu xooggan saadaaliya guuldarada in la ogaado nolosha. "Tani waa daahfur aad u xiiso badan," ayuu yiri Goodyear. "Tani waxay wax badan nooga sheegaysaa xadka nolosha Dunida."
Si buuxda uguma qancin in carradoodu tahay mid aan naf lahayn, qayb ahaan sababtuna waa waayo-aragnimadeeda qayb kale oo Antarctica ah.
Dhowr sano ka hor, waxay carrada ka baratay deegaan la mid ah Buuraha Transantarctic, meel 500 mayl waqooyi-galbeed ka xigta Shackleton Glacier oo la yiraahdo University Valley oo laga yaabo inaysan lahayn qoyaan la taaban karo ama heerkul dhalaali ah 120,000 oo sano. Markii ay ku duri jirtay 20 bilood 23°F, heerkulka xagaaga ee dooxada, ciiddu ma muujin calaamado nololeed. Laakiin markii ay kululaysay muunada ciidda dhawr darajo oo ka sarraysa baraf, qaar baa muujiyay korriinka bakteeriyada.
Tusaale ahaan, saynisyahannadu waxay ogaadeen in unugyada bakteeriyadu ay sii nool yihiin xitaa kumanaan sano ka dib oo ku jira barafka. Markay ku xayirmaan, dheef-shiid kiimikaadka unuggu wuxuu hoos u dhigi karaa milyan jeer. Waxay galaan xaalad aysan hadda korin, laakiin kaliya waxay hagaajiyaan waxyeelada DNA-da ee ay sababaan fallaadhaha cosmic ee gala barafka. Goodyear waxay ku qiyaastay in kuwan "badbaadayaasha gaabis ah" ay noqon karaan kuwa ay ka heshay Dooxada College-waxay ka shakisan tahay in haddii Dragone iyo Firer ay falanqeeyeen 10 jeer carro badan, laga yaabo inay ka heleen Roberts Massif ama Schroeder Mountain.
Brent Christner, oo wax ka barta microbes-ka Antarctica ee Jaamacadda Florida ee Gainesville, ayaa aaminsan in meelahan sare-sare ee carrada qalalan ay gacan ka geysan karaan hagaajinta raadinta nolosha Mars.
Waxa uu xusay in dayax gacmeedyada Viking 1 iyo Viking 2, ee ku degay Mars 1976, ay sameeyeen tijaabooyin nololeed oo lagu ogaanayo qayb ka mid ah daraasado lagu sameeyay ciidda hoose ee u dhow xeebta Antarctica, gobolka lagu magacaabo Dry Valleys. Qaar ka mid ah carradu waxay ka qoyan yihiin biyaha dhalaalka xagaaga. Ma ka koobna oo kaliya noolaha, laakiin meelaha qaar sidoo kale waxa ku jira gooryaan yaryar iyo xayawaan kale.
Taa beddelkeeda, carrada sare ee engegan ee Mount Roberts iyo Mount Schroeder ayaa laga yaabaa inay ku siiso goobo tijaabo oo wanaagsan oo loogu talagalay aaladaha Martian.
"Dhulka Mars waa mid aad u xun," Christner ayaa yidhi. "Ma jiro noole dhulka ku nool oo korkiisa ku noolaan kara" -ugu yaraan inch-ka sare ama laba. Dayax gacmeed kasta oo halkaas u tagaya nolol raadis waa in loo diyaar garoobaa inuu ka hawlgalo meelaha ugu adag ee dhulka.
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